Vignette 1
A network of word links in the Book of Isaiah reveals a prophecy within a prophecy that elucidates the meaning of many keywords scattered throughout the text. Most of these terms function as pseudonyms or aliases of the main actors in Isaiah’s end-time drama.
The identity of the main actors in Isaiah’s end-time drama is determined either directly or by the synonymous, complementary, and antithetical parallel lines that characterize Hebrew poetry. As keywords, their additional meanings take nothing away from their literal meanings. Literal meanings, which are commonly based on a plain interpretation of a word or phrase, remain valid. Embedded into them, however, are metaphorical meanings that augment and greatly enlarge the overall prophetic picture. Without coming to terms with these keywords, one can glean only a small part of Isaiah’s message.
The main actors in Isaiah’s end-time drama—who appear both under their own names and under pseudonyms or aliases—are (1) Jehovah God of Israel, who comes to establish his reign of peace on the earth; (2) Jehovah’s servant, who prepares the way before him by restoring his people Israel; and (3) the king of Assyria/Babylon, an end-time archtyrant who conquers the world by military force and who commits global genocide.
Isaiah characterizes Jehovah as a personification of “salvation”—as the epitome of a Savior of his people. His servant’s “work” of preparing a people to meet their God (Isaiah 40:10–11; 42:3) precedes Jehovah’s coming: “Tell the Daughter of Zion, ‘See, your Salvation comes, his reward with him, his work preceding him’” (Isaiah 62:11; emphasis added). As determined by synonymous parallels lines—in which one keyword appears as the equivalent of another—additional such metaphorical pseudonyms designate Jehovah: “You have forgotten your God, your salvation, and not remembered the Rock, your fortress” (Isaiah 17:10; emphasis added); “Ever trust in Jehovah, for Jehovah, Yah, is an everlasting Rock” (Isaiah 26:4; emphasis added); “Be our arm from morning to morning, our salvation in troubled times” (Isaiah 33:2; emphasis added).
God has two “arms,” however—“salvation” and “righteousness”—Jehovah and his servant. These intervene in the earth on behalf of his people. As we see in the following complementary parallel lines, “righteousness” prepares the way for “salvation” to come: “My righteousness shall be at hand and my salvation proceed; my arms shall judge the peoples” (Isaiah 51:5; emphasis added); “My salvation will soon come when my righteousness is revealed” (Isaiah 56:1; emphasis added). Further complementary parallel lines establish the interactive relationship between “salvation” and “righteousness”—Jehovah and his servant: “Your righteousness will go before you, and the glory of Jehovah will be your rearguard” (Isaiah 58:8; emphasis added); “My righteousness shall endure forever, my salvation through endless generations” (Isaiah 51:8; emphasis added).
Just as Jehovah personifies “salvation,” so his servant personifies “righteousness”—that is, he exemplifies keeping God’s law and word in a world and among a people who have become corrupt: “Who has raised up Righteousness from the east, calling him to [the place of] his foot?” (Isaiah 41:2; emphasis added); “Hear me, you stubborn-hearted, who are far from righteousness: I have brought near my righteousness; it is not now far off—my salvation shall no longer be delayed” (Isaiah 46:12–13). God’s “arm” of “righteousness” intervenes in the earth to prepare the way for “salvation” to come: “His arm brought about salvation for him; his righteousness rallied to his cause” (Isaiah 59:16; emphasis added); “Rain down from above, O heavens; let the skies overflow with righteousness. Let the earth receive it and salvation blossom” (Isaiah 45:8; emphasis added).
Additional pseudonyms designate Jehovah’s servant, as in the following parallel lines: “I will strengthen you; I will also succor you and uphold you with righteousness, my right hand” (Isaiah 41:10; emphasis added); “Jehovah has sworn by his right hand, his mighty arm” (Isaiah 62:8; emphasis added); “Jehovah will cause his voice to resound, and make visible his arm descending in furious rage” (Isaiah 30:30; emphasis added); “Who among you fears Jehovah and heeds the voice of his servant” (Isaiah 50:10; emphasis added); “I will put my words in your mouth and shelter you in the shadow of my hand” (Isaiah 51:16; emphasis added); “I will lift up my hand to the nations, raise my ensign to the peoples” (Isaiah 49:22; emphasis added); “In that day the sprig of Jesse, who stands for an ensign to the peoples, shall be sought by the nations: (Isaiah 11:10; emphasis added).
The servant’s function as a “light” to the nations contrasts the king of Assyria/Babylon’s function as a personification of “darkness” in the following synonymous, complementary, and antithetical parallel lines: “I will also appoint you to be a light to the nations, that my salvation may be to the end of the earth” (Isaiah 49:6; emphasis added); “I have created you and appointed you to be a covenant for the people, a light to the nations” (Isaiah 42:6; emphasis added); “The people walking in darkness have seen a bright light; on the inhabitants of the land of the shadow of Death has the light dawned” (Isaiah 9:2; emphasis added); “They put darkness for light and light for darkness” (Isaiah 5:20; emphasis added); “We look for light, but there prevails darkness” (Isaiah 59:9; emphasis added); “The darkness confronting them I will turn into light” (Isaiah 42:16; emphasis added). And so forth.
Just as the servant functions as Jehovah’s “hand/right hand,” “ensign,” “voice,” “mouth,” etc., so does the king of Assyria/Babylon. The metaphorical pseudonyms they share in common show their arch rivalry and struggle for people’s souls: “Raise the ensign on a barren mountain; sound the voice among them! Beckon them with the hand to advance into the precincts of the elite” (Isaiah 13:2; emphasis added). Additional such keywords, however, identify the king of Assyria/Babylon as a personification of Jehovah’s “anger” and “wrath” upon the wicked of his people and the nations: “Hail the Assyrian, the rod of my anger! He is a staff—my wrath in their hand” (Isaiah 10:5; emphasis added); “I trod them down in my anger; in my wrath I trampled them” (Isaiah 63:3; emphasis added); “For all this his anger is not abated; his hand is upraised still” (Isaiah 5:25; emphasis added).
Similar keywords identify the archtyrant as an oppressor and power of chaos: “My Lord will cause to come up over them the great and mighty waters of the River—the king of Assyria in all his glory” (Isaiah 8:7; emphasis added); “As a ravaging hailstorm sweeping down, or like an inundating deluge of mighty waters, he will hurl them to the ground by his hand” (Isaiah 28:2; emphasis added); “He shall be stirred up against them in that day, even as the Sea is stirred up” (Isaiah 5:30; emphasis added); “To retaliate in furious anger, to rebuke with conflagrations of fire” (Isaiah 66:15; emphasis added); “At the wrath of Jehovah of Hosts the earth is scorched, and people are but fuel for the fire” (Isaiah 9:19; emphasis added); “I gave them into your hand, and you showed them no mercy; even the aged you weighed down heavily with your yoke” (Isaiah 47:6; emphasis added).
Just as Jehovah’s coming is preceded by his servant’s gathering a righteous people of God to whom Jehovah comes, so it is by the king of Assyria/Babylon’s cleansing of the wicked from the earth, of which he serves as Jehovah’s instrument: “Behold, Jehovah Omnipotent coming from afar! His wrath is kindled, heavy is his grievance; his lips flow with indignation, his tongue is like a devouring fire. His breath is like a raging torrent that severs at the neck. [He comes] to sift the nations in the sieve of falsehood; with an erring bridle on their jaws [he will try] the peoples” (Isaiah 30:27–28; emphasis added); “Jehovah’s rage is upon all nations, his fury upon all their hosts; he has doomed them, consigned them to the slaughter” (Isaiah 34:2; emphasis added); “As stubble they are burnt up in the fire, unable to escape the hand of the flame” (Isaiah 47:14; emphasis added).
As Jehovah’s agent for punishing the wicked, the king of Assyria/Babylon nevertheless attributes his success in committing global genocide to himself, exalting himself even over the God who empowered him: “Shall an axe exalt itself above the one who hews with it, or a saw vaunt itself over him who handles it? As though the rod wielded him who lifts it up! As though the staff held up the one who is not made of wood!” (Isaiah 10:15; emphasis added). In the end, therefore, he too perishes: “You have smashed the yoke that burdened them, the staff of submission, the rod of those who subjected them” (Isaiah 9:4; emphasis added); “Jehovah has broken the staff of the wicked, the rod of those who ruled” (Isaiah 14:5; emphasis added); “I am taking the cup of stupor from your hand; you shall drink no more from the bowl of my wrath” (Isaiah 51:22; emphasis added).
Anger—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who personifies Jehovah’s anger toward his unrepentant people and the nations when Jehovah comes out in judgment against them (Isaiah 5:25; 9:12, 17, 21; 10:4–5, 25; 12:1; 13:3, 9, 13; 14:6; 27:4; 42:25; 54:9; 63:3, 6; 64:5; 66:15).
Arm (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah God of Israel, who personifies one of two arms of God who intervene in the earth to empower his elect against the Assyrian alliance in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 33:2; 51:5; 63:5).
Arm (2)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, his arm of righteousness, through whom Jehovah intervenes in the earth to restore his people and prepare them for his coming to reign on the earth (Isaiah 30:30; 40:10–11; 48:14; 51:5, 9; 52:10; 53:1; 59:16; 62:8; 63:5, 12).
Arrow—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, his secret weapon, who resembles a straight arrow that Jehovah empowers to slay the enemies among his own people and the wicked of the world (Isaiah 49:2).
Axe—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon as a destructive instrument and power of chaos that Jehovah uses to hew down the reprobates of his people and the nations in his Day of Judgment (Isaiah 10:15).
Bird of prey—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who exemplifies righteousness in a time of wickedness, whom Jehovah raises up from the east as a bird of prey against his enemies (Isaiah 46:11).
Bow (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who typifies the bow Jehovah uses against the Assyrian alliance when it has served his purpose of punishing evildoers in his Day of Judgment (Isaiah 41:2).
Bow (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, who typify the bow or weapons of war that slay Jehovah’s unrepentant people and the nations in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 21:15).
Branch—A pseudonym of a descendant of David the son of Jesse, who represents Israel’s natural lineages that are nurtured by its assimilated lineages as signified by the grafted branch (neser) that bears fruit (Isaiah 11:1).
Breath (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who breathes life into Jehovah’s people at the time of their backsliding but who breathes death or punishment on Jehovah’s enemies (Isaiah 11:4).
Breath (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who personifies the fiery breath that burns up Jehovah’s unrepentant people and the nations when the wicked destroy the wicked (Isaiah 30:28; 33:11).
Bridle—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who goads and subjugates to their damnation the world’s inhabitants who are persuaded by his lies in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 30:28).
Broom—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, whom Jehovah empowers to sweep the earth clean of its corrupt inhabitants in his Day of Judgment before his millennial reign of peace (Isaiah 14:23).
Covenant (1) (May apply simultaneously with meaning 2)—Jehovah’s everlasting covenant of peace and salvation with his people Israel and with individuals in all its forms, manifestations, and expressions (Isaiah 24:5; 54:10; 55:3; 56:4, 6; 59:21; 61:8).
Covenant (2) (May apply simultaneously with meaning 1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who personifies Jehovah’s covenant and who acts as its mediator to God’s people as did Moses (Isaiah 42:6; 49:8; 54:10; 55:3; 56:4, 6; 59:21; 61:8).
Darkness—A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness in the world but from whose oppression Jehovah’s servant releases those who repent (Isaiah 5:20; 9:2; 29:18; 42:7, 16; 45:7, 19; 49:9; 58:10; 59:9; 60:2).
Death—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, a power of chaos who commits worldwide genocide and who attempts to destroy Jehovah’s elect people in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 9:2; 25:8; 28:15, 18; 38:18).
Deep—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, a power of chaos whom Jehovah’s servant subdues as did Moses, facilitating a new exodus of Jehovah’s elect to Zion (Isaiah 44:27; 51:10; 63:13).
Deluge—Storm imagery representing the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, a power of chaos that inundates the lands of Jehovah’s apostate people and the nations like a new Flood (Isaiah 28:2).
Downpour—Storm imagery representing the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, a power of chaos that pours a Sodom-and-Gomorrah type of holocaust on a corrupt world and its inhabitants (Isaiah 4:6; 25:4).
Dragon—A pseudonym of Pharaoh king of Egypt, who enslaved Jehovah’s people and tried to prevent Moses from delivering them, who typifies a similar oppressive ruler in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 51:9).
East Wind (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant and those who vanquish the forces of chaos as they reconquer the earth for Jehovah from the power of the king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance. (Isaiah 27:8).
East Wind (2)—A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, who personify the burning wind that obliterates Jehovah’s apostate people and the nations (Isaiah 27:8).
Ensign (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who rallies a remnant of Jehovah’s people dispersed among the nations to renew their covenant with Jehovah and gather in a new exodus to Zion (Isaiah 11:10, 12; 18:3; 30:17; 31:9; 49:22; 62:10).
Ensign (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who rallies an alliance of nations from the North against Jehovah’s people and all nations as he pursues his goal of conquering the world (Isaiah 5:26; 13:2).
Faithfulness—A pseudonym of Jehovah God of Israel, who exemplifies faithfulness in fulfilling his covenants and promises to his people and who establishes among them his millennial reign of peace (Isaiah 11:5; 16:5; 25:1; 33:6; 38:18–19).
Favor—A pseudonym of Jehovah God of Israel, who reverses his people’s circumstances when they prove loyal, who endows them in the holy priesthood and empowers them against enemies (Isaiah 61:2).
Fiery flying serpent—A messianic term and pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who acts as a seraph/savior to Jehovah’s people under the terms of the Davidic Covenant in a time of peril (Isaiah 14:29; 30:6).
Fire (1)—A term signifying the presence of Jehovah, whose pillar of cloud by day and of fire by night rests on his holy ones to protect them when he comes out in judgment against the wicked of the world (Isaiah 4:5).
Fire (2)—A chaos motif and pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who personifies the fire that devours the Assyrian alliance when it threatens to destroy Jehovah’s elect in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 10:16–17; 30:30; 31:9).
Fire (3)—A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who personifies the fire that burns up Jehovah’s apostate people and the nations in a Sodom-and-Gomorrah type of holocaust (Isaiah 1:7; 5:24; 9:18–19; 26:11; 30:27; 33:11, 14; 37:19; 43:2; 47:14; 64:11; 66:15–16).
Flagstaff—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who musters a remnant of Jehovah’s people to his standard and qualifies them for deliverance from destruction in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 30:17).
Flame (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah, who empowers his end-time servant and holy ones against the forces of evil typified by the king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 10:17).
Flame (2)—A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who personifies the flame that burns up Jehovah’s apostate people and the nations in a Sodom-and-Gomorrah type of holocaust (Isaiah 5:24; 29:6; 43:2; 47:14).
Fury—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who personifies Jehovah’s fury toward the miscreants of his people and the nations when Jehovah comes out in judgment against them (Isaiah 34:2; 59:17).
Gloom—A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the powers of darkness and causes pollutions that overspread the earth in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 5:30; 59:9).
Grievance—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who personifies Jehovah’s grievance toward his unrepentant people and the nations at the time Jehovah’s coming to the earth draws near (Isaiah 30:27).
Hail (1)—Storm imagery representing Jehovah’s end-time servant, who typifies the pounding hail that decimates the Assyrian alliance when it threatens Jehovah’s elect in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 30:30).
Hail (2)—Storm imagery representing the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, a power of chaos that ravages Jehovah’s apostate people and the nations in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 28:17; 32:19).
Hailstorm—Storm imagery representing the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, a power of chaos that ravages Jehovah’s apostate people and the nations in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 28:2).
Hand (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, his hand of deliverance, who saves a repentant remnant of Jehovah’s people from a worldwide destruction wrought by the king of Assyria/Babylon (Isaiah 1:25; 5:12; 11:11, 14–15; 14:26–27; 19:25; 25:10; 26:11; 29:23; 34:17; 41:20; 43:13; 45:9, 11–12; 48:13; 49:2, 22; 50:2; 51:16, 22; 53:10; 59:1; 60:21; 62:3; 64:8; 65:2; 66:2, 14).
Hand (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who personifies the hand of punishment Jehovah empowers to smite his unrepentant people and the nations in his Day of Judgment (Isaiah 5:12, 25; 9:12, 17, 21; 10:4–5; 13:2; 14:26–27; 19:16, 25; 23:11; 25:10; 26:11; 28:2; 29:23; 31:3; 36:15, 18–20; 37:10, 20; 38:6; 40:2; 43:13; 45:9, 11; 47:6, 14; 50:11; 51:17, 23; 60:21; 64:7–8; 65:2).
Hand (3)—A pseudonym of a black non-native Afro-Egyptian pharaoh of Egypt, who subjugated his people in a time of moral decline and who acts as the type of a similar ruler of an end-time “Egypt” (Isaiah 19:4).
Heat—A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, whom Jehovah empowers to burn up the evildoers of his people and the nations in his Day of Judgment (Isaiah 4:6; 18:4; 25:4–5; 42:25).
Indignation—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who personifies Jehovah’s indignation toward his unrepentant people and the nations at the time Jehovah’s coming draws near (Isaiah 30:27).
Lamb—A pseudonym of Jehovah God of Israel, who resembles a sacrificial lamb during his earthly ministry, who acts as his people’s proxy savior, offering his life to atone for their transgressions (Isaiah 53:7).
Light (1)—A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah God of Israel, who personifies the greater light that lights up the earth at his coming and that diffuses through the earth in his millennial reign of peace (Isaiah 60:19–20).
Light (2)—A creation motif and pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who personifies Jehovah’s light to the nations in a time of spiritual darkness and who instructs Jehovah’s people in his law and word (Isaiah 2:5; 5:20; 9:2; 10:17; 42:6, 16; 45:7; 49:6; 58:8, 10; 59:9; 60:1, 3; 62:1).
Lion—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, who are aroused like a lion against Jehovah’s people and take prey those who don’t repent in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 5:29).
Lips (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who instructs Jehovah’s people in the law of Jehovah’s covenant in a time of apostasy and who pronounces covenant curses on Jehovah’s enemies (Isaiah 11:4; 57:19).
Lips (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, whose lips flow with railing accusations and whom the wicked emulate at the time Jehovah’s coming to reign on the earth draws near (Isaiah 30:27; 59:3).
Mast—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the driving force to destroy Jehovah’s people, whose alliance loses its strength when Jehovah takes the wind out of their sails (Isaiah 33:23).
Mouth (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, Jehovah’s mouth or mouthpiece to the world, whom Jehovah appoints to speak in his name and teach his law and word in a time of apostasy (Isaiah 1:20; 11:4; 30:2; 34:16; 40:5; 45:23; 48:3; 49:2; 51:16; 55:11; 58:14; 59:21; 62:2).
Mouth (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, who represents the powers of hell and chaos, who mouth off against Jehovah and his elect people (Isaiah 5:14; 9:12; 37:29; 57:4).
Nail (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, of whom Eliakim is a type, who acts as a proxy savior to a remnant of Jehovah’s people in delivering them from destruction in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 22:23).
Nail (2)—A pseudonym of an evil end-time servant, of whom Shebna is a type, who fails as a proxy savior to Jehovah’s people and whom Jehovah’s servant displaces in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 22:25).
Nose—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who resembles an unruly beast that Jehovah must restrain to prevent him from getting out of control in his Day of Judgment (Isaiah 37:29).
Plant—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who typifies Jehovah’s holy ones, the “firstfruits” of the earth who survive a worldwide destruction and live into the earth’s millennial age of peace (Isaiah 4:2).
Quarry (1)—A pseudonym of Sarah, Abraham’s wife, who acts as a type of Jehovah’s elect people who leave house and kindreds behind to journey to lands of inheritance Jehovah promises them (Isaiah 51:1).
Quarry (2)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s wife, the Woman Zion, the exemplar of righteous women, who marries Jehovah by an everlasting covenant and gives birth to a righteous posterity (Isaiah 51:1)
Rage (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who manifests Jehovah’s rage toward the king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance for their excesses in committing worldwide genocide (Isaiah 30:30).
Rage (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who personifies Jehovah’s rage toward his unrepentant people and the nations when Jehovah comes out in judgment against them (Isaiah 34:2; 51:13; 63:6; 66:14).
Ravager—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, whom Jehovah empowers to forge weapons of war with which to destroy the wicked of his people and the nations in his Day of Judgment (Isaiah 54:16).
Razor—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, Jehovah’s instrument for cutting off from the earth the evildoers of Jehovah’s people and the nations in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 7:20).
Reprisals—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who carries out Jehovah’s reprisals on the reprobates of his people and the nations when Jehovah comes out in judgment against them (Isaiah 59:18).
Retribution—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who executes Jehovah’s retribution on the evildoers of his people and the nations when Jehovah comes out in judgment against them (Isaiah 34:8; 59:18).
Right Hand—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, his hand of deliverance, who restores Jehovah’s people beyond their former glory and prepares the way for Jehovah’s coming to reign on the earth (Isaiah 41:10, 13; 48:13; 62:8; 63:12).
Righteousness—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who personifies Jehovah’s righteousness and who acts as an exemplar of righteousness to Jehovah’s people and the nations in a time of wickedness (Isaiah 1:21, 26–27; 5:16; 9:7; 10:22; 11:4–5; 16:5; 19:18; 26:9–10; 28:17; 32:1, 16–17; 33:5; 41:2; 42:21; 45:8, 19, 21, 23; 46:12–13; 48:1, 18; 51:1, 5–8; 54:14; 56:1; 58:2, 8; 59:4, 9, 14, 16–17; 60:17; 61:3, 10–11; 62:1–2; 63:1; 64:5).
River—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, a power of chaos who overflows his banks like a River in flood, who inundates the lands of Jehovah’s people and the nations like a new Deluge (Isaiah 7:20; 8:7; 11:15; 27:12).
Rock (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah God of Israel, the rock of his people’s salvation, who acts as a stronghold and sanctuary to his people who repent but as a stumbling block to those who don’t (Isaiah 8:14; 17:10; 26:4; 30:29; 44:8; 48:21; 51:1).
Rock (2)—A pseudonym of Abraham, Israel’s righteous progenitor, who acts as a type of Jehovah’s elect people who leave house and kindreds behind to journey to lands of inheritance Jehovah promises them (Isaiah 51:1).
Rod (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, whom Jehovah appoints to rule the nations at the time of Jehovah’s coming to reign on the earth and during the earth’s millennial age of peace (Isaiah 11:4).
Rod (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, who smite Jehovah’s wicked people and the nations but from whose power Jehovah’s servant delivers those who repent (Isaiah 9:4; 10:5, 15, 24; 14:5; 30:31).
Rod (3)—A pseudonym of King Ahaz, who acts as the type of an end-time ruler who smites the enemies of Jehovah’s people who oppress and attempt to destroy them from their Promised Land (Isaiah 14:29).
Salvation—A pseudonym of Jehovah God of Israel, who personifies everlasting salvation to his repentant people by delivering them spiritually from their sins and temporally from their enemies (Isaiah 12:2–3; 17:10; 25:9; 26:1, 18; 33:2, 6; 43:12; 45:8, 17; 46:13; 49:6, 8; 51:5–6, 8; 52:7, 10; 56:1; 59:11, 16–17; 60:18; 61:10; 62:1, 11; 63:5.
Sapling—A pseudonym of Jehovah God of Israel, who typifies a sapling or stalk growing up among his apostate people but who maintains contact with the Most High God during his earthly ministry (Isaiah 53:2).
Saw—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon as a destructive instrument and power of chaos that Jehovah uses to cut down the reprobates of his people and the nations in his Day of Judgment (Isaiah 10:15).
Scourge—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, a power of chaos who ravages the earth in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment and who exterminates nations in his quest to conquer the world (Isaiah 28:15, 18).
Sea (1)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, a power of chaos that engulfs the lands of Jehovah’s people and the nations but that Jehovah’s servant subdues as did Moses (Isaiah 5:30; 10:26; 11:15; 27:1; 43:16; 50:2; 51:10, 15; 57:20; 60:5; 63:11).
Sea (2)—The port city of Tyre that typifies the multinational entity of a Greater Babylon and its shipping empire, which the king of Assyria/Babylon destroys in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 23:4, 11).
Shoot—A pseudonym of a descendant of David the son of Jesse, who represents Israel’s lineages that assimilated into the Gentiles as signified by the wild nature of the shoot (hoter) or “watersprout” (Isaiah 11:1)
Sieve—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who “sifts” the nations with his lies and propaganda as a test to whom they will prove loyal prior to Jehovah’s coming to reign on the earth (Isaiah 30:28).
Slaughter—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who commits mass genocide of the miscreants of Jehovah’s people and the nations when their time expires in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 34:2; 65:12).
Smith—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, whom Jehovah empowers to forge weapons of war with which to destroy the evildoers of his people and the nations in his Day of Judgment (Isaiah 54:16).
Snake—A messianic term and pseudonym of King Ahaz, who acts as the type of an end-time ruler who smites the enemies of Jehovah’s people who oppress them and who begets another ruler like him (Isaiah 14:29).
Sprig—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, a descendant of David the son of Jesse, who represents Israel’s natural lineages as signified by the sprig (sores) that grows into a fruit-bearing branch (Isaiah 11:10).
Staff (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, whom Jehovah empowers over the king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance as he empowered Moses over the Egyptians and the Amalekites (Isaiah 10:26; 30:32).
Staff (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, whom Jehovah empowers to subjugate his alienated people and the nations who don’t repent after they are warned (Isaiah 9:4; 10:5, 15, 24; 14:5).
Stalk—A pseudonym of Jehovah God of Israel, who typifies a stalk or sapling growing up among his apostate people but who maintains contact with the Most High God during his earthly ministry (Isaiah 53:2).
Stock (1)—A pseudonym of a descendant of David the son of Jesse, who represents the ethnic or natural lineages of Israel as signified by the primary or core nature of the tree’s stock (geza‘) or “trunk” (Isaiah 11:1)
Stock (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who rules briefly on the earth when it serves Jehovah’s purpose to punish the wicked but who withers and dies when he takes power to himself (Isaiah 40:24).
Stone—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, a stone or seer who receives divine revelation during a dearth of revelation and who establishes righteousness among those who believe it (Isaiah 28:16).
Storm (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant and those who vanquish the forces of chaos as they reconquer the earth for Jehovah from the power of the king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance (Isaiah 17:13; 40:24).
Storm (2)—Storm imagery representing the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, a power of chaos that ravages the wicked of Jehovah’s people and the nations in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 32:2; 40:24).
Sword (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who typifies the sword Jehovah empowers against the king of Assyria/Babylon when he has served Jehovah’s purpose of punishing the wicked (Isaiah 27:1; 31:8; 37:7; 41:2; 49:2).
Sword (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, who typify the sword of justice Jehovah empowers to slay his wicked people and the nations in his Day of Judgment (Isaiah 1:20; 2:4; 3:25; 13:15; 14:19; 21:15; 27:1; 34:5–6; 51:19; 65:12; 66:16).
Tempest—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant and those who vanquish the forces of chaos as they reconquer the earth for Jehovah from the power of the king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance (Isaiah 41:16).
Tongue (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant and those whom Jehovah empowers to speak in his name, who praise Jehovah during their wilderness journey to meet Jehovah at his coming (Isaiah 35:6; 41:17).
Tongue (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, who typify the alien tongue the world’s evildoers emulate in falsely accusing Jehovah and his people (Isaiah 3:8; 11:15; 28:11; 30:27; 33:19; 54:17; 57:4; 59:3).
Torch—A pseudonym of Jehovah God of Israel, who comes to establish his reign of peace on the earth and whose presence with his elect in Zion shines like a beacon for the entire world to see (Isaiah 62:1).
Torrent—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, a power of chaos that inundates the earth and wreaks destruction on a scale unknown to humanity since the Flood (Isaiah 30:28; 59:19).
Trumpet—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who rallies a remnant of Jehovah’s people dispersed among the nations to renew their covenant with Jehovah and gather in a new exodus to Zion (Isaiah 18:3; 27:13; 58:1).
Vapor—A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who typifies the burning vapor that vaporizes the miscreants of Jehovah’s people and the nations in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 57:13).
Vengeance—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, who execute Jehovah’s vengeance on the wicked of his people and the nations in Jehovah’s Day of Judgment (Isaiah 10:6; 34:8; 47:3; 59:17; 61:2; 63:4).
Vindication—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who typifies Jehovah’s vindication or righteousness by acting as a proxy savior to his people and empowering additional servants of Jehovah (Isaiah 45:24; 54:17).
Viper—A messianic term and pseudonym of King Hezekiah, Ahaz’ son, who restores the pure worship of Jehovah among his people and who acts as a type of Jehovah’s end-time servant (Isaiah 14:29).
Voice (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, Jehovah’s voice to his people, who receives divine revelation during a dearth of revelation and who rebukes the enemies of Jehovah’s people (Isaiah 24:14; 28:23; 29:4; 30:19, 30–31; 32:9; 40:3, 6, 9; 48:20; 50:10; 51:3; 52:8; 58:1, 4; 66:6).
Voice (2)—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, the voice or spokesman of the wicked, who rails against Jehovah and his people and rallies an alliance of nations to invade and destroy them (Isaiah 13:2; 31:4; 33:3; 37:23).
Whip—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, whom Jehovah empowers over the king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance as he empowered Gideon over the Midianites and delivered his people (Isaiah 10:26).
Wind (1)—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant and those who vanquish the forces of chaos as they reconquer the earth for Jehovah from the power of the king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance. (Isaiah 11:15; 17:13; 41:16).
Wind (2)—A chaos motif and pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon and his alliance, who personify the burning wind that obliterates the miscreants of Jehovah’s people and the nations (Isaiah 4:4; 26:18; 32:2; 57:13).
Wrath—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, who personifies Jehovah’s wrath toward the wicked of his people and the nations when Jehovah comes out in judgment against them (Isaiah 9:19; 10:5, 25; 13:5, 9, 13; 14:6; 26:20; 30:27; 48:9; 51:13, 17, 20, 22; 59:18; 63:3, 5).
Yoke—A pseudonym of the end-time king of Assyria/Babylon, whom the wicked emulate in imposing bondage on others but from whose power Jehovah’s servant delivers those who repent (Isaiah 9:4; 10:27; 14:25; 47:6; 58:6).
Zeal—A pseudonym of Jehovah’s end-time servant, who exemplifies Jehovah’s zeal for his people in restoring them beyond their former glory and preparing the way for Jehovah’s millennial reign of peace (Isaiah 9:7; 26:11; 37:32; 63:15).